Table 4. Comparison of calendar periods within the 2011–2023 cohort

Parameter	2011–2016 (n=185)	2017–2023 (n=152)	p-value
Age (years)	49.0 [37.0–59.0]	56.0 [43.0–66.0]	<0.001
Male sex	102/185 (55.1)	77/152 (50.7)	0.443
Nonfunctioning adenoma	49/180 (27.2)	24/148 (16.2)	0.023
Macroadenoma	162/173 (93.6)	127/141 (90.1)	0.296
Repeat TSA	21/185 (11.4)	16/152 (10.5)	0.862
Nasal septal deviation	131/185 (70.8)	113/152 (74.3)	0.541
Operation time (min)	220.0 [188.8–255.0]	182.5 [155.0–216.2]	<0.001
Length of hospital stay (days)	13.0 [10.0–17.0]	11.0 [9.0–15.0]	0.003
Follow-up duration (months)	38.6 [9.6–87.9]	18.0 [3.9–40.9]	<0.001
Documented perioperative CSF leakage	4/185 (2.2)	9/152 (5.9)	0.091
Any sinonasal morbidity	37/170 (21.8)	30/144 (20.8)	0.891
Crust	11/170 (6.5)	4/144 (2.8)	0.184
Discharge/rhinorrhea	6/170 (3.5)	8/144 (5.6)	0.422
Septal perforation	8/170 (4.7)	4/144 (2.8)	0.557
Documented subjective olfactory dysfunction	3/170 (1.8)	5/144 (3.5)	0.477

Values are median [interquartile range] or n/N (%).
Calendar periods were defined as 2011–2016 and 2017–2023. Operation time was available for 184 and 152 procedures; sinonasal assessment for 170 and 144, respectively.
Continuous variables were compared with the two-sided Mann–Whitney U test; categorical variables with the two-sided Fisher exact test. These are unadjusted procedure-level comparisons.
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; TSA, transsphenoidal approach.