Table 2. Operative and follow-up outcomes (2011–2023)

Parameter	Value
Number of procedures	337
Recorded procedure type
Initial recorded TSA	300 (89.0)
Repeat TSA	37 (11.0)
Operation time (min) (n=336)	205.0 [170.0–245.0] (85.0–425.0)
Length of hospital stay (days)	12.0 [10.0–16.0] (3.0–284.0)
Follow-up duration (months)	25.6 [6.9–58.4] (0.0–151.5)
Documented perioperative CSF leakage	13/337 (3.9)
Three-month ENT assessment completed	314/337 (93.2)
Patients undergoing ≥1 repeat TSA in 2011–2023	34/320 (10.6)
Included procedures per patient
1 procedure	304
2 procedures	15
3 procedures	1
Patients with ≥2 included procedures	16/320 (5.0)
Interval between first and second included TSA (months) (n=16)	32.7 [11.9–55.3]
Patients receiving Gamma Knife after an included TSA	40/320 (12.5)
Interval from included TSA to linked Gamma Knife (months)	15.5 [6.5–29.5]

Values are median [interquartile range] (range) or n/N (%). Prior recorded TSA, including before 2011, was retained for procedure classification only. Thirty-four patients underwent 37 repeat procedures: 31 patients had one and 3 had two. The first included procedure was already a repeat TSA in 20 patients; 17 further procedures occurred after cohort entry in 16 patients. Gamma Knife was counted only when linked to an included TSA; one treatment linked to a pre-2011 TSA was excluded from this outcome. CSF timing could not be consistently distinguished as intraoperative or postoperative.
CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; ENT, ear, nose, and throat; TSA, transsphenoidal approach.