Table 1. Patient and tumor characteristics (2011–2023)

Parameter	Value
Number of patients	320
Age (years)	50.5 ± 14.7 (17–79)
Sex
Male	173 (54.1)
Female	147 (45.9)
Chart-recorded hormonal category
Nonfunctioning	70 (21.9)
Growth hormone	77 (24.1)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone	17 (5.3)
Prolactin	16 (5.0)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone	3 (0.9)
Mixed/other	132 (41.2)
Unknown	5 (1.6)
Tumor size category
Microadenoma (<1 cm)	24 (7.5)
Macroadenoma (1–<4 cm)	273 (85.3)
Unknown	23 (7.2)
Diabetes mellitus	51 (15.9)
Smoking history	16 (5.0)
Previous rhinologic history	26 (8.1)
Nasal septal deviation	240 (75.0)
Recorded prior nasal surgery (including TSA)	20 (6.2)

Values are number (%) or mean ± SD (range). Patient-level characteristics were assessed at each patient’s first included procedure in 2011–2023. In 20 patients this procedure was a repeat TSA because a preceding TSA was recorded before 2011. Prior rhinologic history was assessed at that procedure and may include previous TSA.
TSA, transsphenoidal approach.