Table 1. Angular deformation according to applied voltage and duration

Time (min)	2 V	4 V	6 V	8 V
2	0†	0†	6.6 ± 4.2	7.0 ± 3.6
4	4.5 ± 2.3	27.3 ± 3.7*	41.8 ± 6.7*	48.3 ± 7.3*
6	8.3 ± 4.5	35.0 ± 6.3*	55.6 ± 5.4*	64.3 ± 7.9*
8	10.1 ± 4.2	40.4 ± 6.4*	63.2 ± 4.6*	88.2 ± 7.4*

Values are presented as mean ± SD (degrees).
Control was defined as cartilage fixed in the jig with needle electrodes inserted but without voltage application (0 V).
p<0.05 compared with control.
Values of 0° with no standard deviation indicate that no measurable deformation was observed in any of the five specimens under the given condition.