Table 1. Indications for thyroid radiofrequency ablation

Category	Indications	Pre-procedural evaluation
Benign thyroid nodule	Symptomatic nodules* or nodules causing cosmetic problems	≥2 benign results on FNA or CNBWith highly specific benign US features†:≥1 benign result on FNA or CNB may be sufficient
AFTN	Toxic or pre-toxic nodules in selected patients	≥1 benign result on FNA or CNB may be sufficientThyroid scan is indicated when AFTN is suspected
Locoregional recurrence/cervical lymph node metastasis of thyroid cancer	Locoregional recurrence or cervical lymph node metastasis in patients who decline surgery or are at high surgical risk	Recurrent or metastatic disease should be confirmed by FNA, CNB and/or FNA washout thyroglobulin

Symptoms include pressure-related symptoms such as pain, dysphagia, foreign body sensation, discomfort, neck bulging, and cough.
Highly specific benign US features include spongiform nodules or partially cystic nodules with intracystic comet-tail artifact.
AFTN: autonomously functioning thyroid nodule, CNB: core-needle biopsy, FNA: fine-needle aspiration, US: ultrasonography.