Table 1. Effects of oral and nasal rinses against SARS-CoV-2

Compound Reference Concentration Formula Exposure Method Viral titer reduction
PVP-I 26) 0.45-10% Oral spray, oral rinse, skin antiseptics 30s In vitro O
27) 0.5-1.0% Oral rinse 15-60s In vitro O
28) 0.5-1.5% Oral rinse 15-30s In vitro O
33) 0.17-0.9% Nasal spray, eye drop 30s-10m In vitro O
34) 0.5-2.5% Nasal spray 15-30s In vitro O
36) 1% Oral rinse 1m In vivo O
Chlorhexidine 17) 0.12% Oral rinse 30s In vivo Δ (temporary)
Hydrogen peroxide 28) 1.5-3% Oral rinse 15-30s In vitro X
45) 0.2% Oral rinse 30s In vitro X
46) 1% Oral rinse 30s In vivo X
Alcohol & essential oils 46) 21% ethanol etc. Oral rinse 30s In vitro O
Hypertonic saline 50) 1.5-1.7% Mixed solution 1-72h In vitro O
Iota-carrageenan 57) 6-600μg/mL + 50mg/mL xylitol Nasal rinse 2h In vitro O
SARS-CoV-2: syndrome coronavirus-2, PVP-I: povidone-iodine, s: seconds, m: minutes, h: hours.