Table 1. Immunological, clinical effect of each biological agent

Biological agent	Target molecule	Immunological effect	Dosage	Clinical effect (baseline, mean change, time of assessment)	Manifestation of clinical effect after medication* (NPS/NCS)
Dupilumab16) (Dupixent®)	IL-4Rα	1) IL-4↓: Th2 cell differentiation↓2) IL-13↓: mucus secretion↓3) IL-4↓, IL-13↓: IgE isotype switching↓	SC 300 mg q 2 w	NPS (5.64, –1.89, 24 w)NCS (2.26, –1.34, 24 w)SNOT-22 (48.0, –30.43, 24 w)UPSIT (14.6, 11.26, 24 w)LSS (2.70, –1.41, 24 w)	4 w/4 w
Omalizumab19) (Xolair®)	Free IgE	1) FcεRI down-regulation2) Inactivation of mast cell, basophil3) Inactivation of B cell (FcεRII)	SC 75–600 mg q 2 w or q 4 w†	NPS (6.2, –1.08, 24 w), (6.4, –0.90, 24 w)‡NCS (2.4, –0.89, 24 w), (2.3, –0.70, 24 w)SNOT-22 (59.8, –24.70, 24 w), (59.2, –21.59, 24 w)UPSIT (12.8, 4.44, 24 w), (12.8, 4.31, 24 w)LSS (2.5, –0.56, 24 w), (2.6, –0.58, 24 w)	4 w/4 w
Mepolizumab24) (Nucala®)	IL-5	Inactivation of eosinophil	SC 100 mg q 4 w	NPS (5.4, –0.9, 52 w)NCS§ (8.9, –4.2, 49–52 w)SNOT-22 (63.7, –29, 52 w)LSS§ (9.6, –2.8, 49–52 w)	20 w/9–12 wII
Benralizumab28) (Farsenra®)	IL-5Rα	Inactivation of eosinophil	SC 30 mg q 4 w →q 8 w¶	NPS (6.15, –0.42, 40 w)NCS (2.62, –0.71, 40 w) SNOT-22 (69.3, –16.25, 40 w)	24 w/34 w

Earliest time when a statistically significant change was observed in NPS/NCS.
Dosage of omalizumab was determined by pretreatment serum total IgE level and body weight.
Two data sets are listed due to the design of study being a duplicate study.
Scale 0–10.
Due to lack of exact data, time was estimated based on graphs provided in the supplementary.
Patients were given 30 mg of benralizumab (SC) q 4 w for the first 3 doses, followed by 30 mg of benralizumab (SC) q 8 w.
IL: interleukin, IgE: immunoglobulin E, NPS: nasal polyp score (scale 0–8), NCS: nasal congestion score (scale 0-3), LSS: loss of smell score, SNOT-22: sino-nasal outcome test (scale 0–110), UPSIT: University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (scale 0–40), SC: subcutaneous, q: every.